Multimedia sources (including online versions)
Multimedia sources include visuals (such as works of art), audio works (such as sound recordings), audiovisuals (such as films), and live events (such as the performance of a play).
When citing multimedia sources that you retrieved online, consult the appropriate model in this section and give whatever information is available for the online source; then end the citation with your date of access and the URL. (See items 37, 40, and 44 for examples.)
37. WORK OF ARTCite the artist's name, followed by the title of the artwork, usually underlined, and the institution and city in which the artwork can be found. If you want to indicate the work's date, include it after the title. For a work of art you viewed online, end your citation with your date of access and the URL.
Constable, John. Dedham Vale. Victoria and Albert Museum, London.
van Gogh, Vincent. The Starry Night. 1889. Museum of Mod. Art,New York. 3 Feb. 2003
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38. CARTOONBegin with the cartoonist's name, the title of the cartoon (if it has one) in quotation marks, the word "Cartoon," and the publication information for the publication in which the cartoon appears.
Sutton, Ward. "Why Wait 'til November?" Cartoon. Village Voice 7-13July 2004: 6.
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39. ADVERTISEMENTName the product or company being advertised, followed by the word "Advertisement." Give publication information for the source in which the advertisement appears.
Truth by Calvin Klein. Advertisement. Vogue Dec. 2000: 95-98.
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40. MAP OR CHARTCite a map or a chart as you would a book or a short work within a longer work. Add the word "Map" or "Chart" following the title.
Serbia. Map. 2 Feb. 2001. 17 Mar. 2003
Joseph, Lori, and Bob Laird. "Driving While Phoning Is Dangerous."Chart. USA Today 16 Feb. 2001: 1A.
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41. MUSICAL COMPOSITIONCite the composer's name, followed by the title of the work. Underline the title of an opera, a ballet, or a composition identified by name, but do not underline or use quotation marks around a composition identified by number or form.
Ellington, Duke. Conga Brava.
Haydn, Franz Joseph. Symphony no. 88 in G.
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42. SOUND RECORDINGBegin with the name of the person you want to emphasize: the composer, conductor, or performer. For a long work, give the title, underlined, followed by names of pertinent artists (such as performers, readers, or musicians) and the orchestra and conductor (if relevant). End with the manufacturer and the date.
Bizet, Georges. Carmen. Perf. Jennifer Laramore, Thomas Moser, AngelaGheorghiu, and Samuel Ramey. Bavarian State Orch. and Chorus.Cond. Giuseppe Sinopoli. Warner, 1996.
For a song, put the title in quotation marks. If you include the name of the album, underline it.
Counting Crows. "Holiday in Spain." Hard Candy. Geffen, 2002.
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43. FILM OR VIDEOBegin with the title, underlined. For a film, cite the director and the lead actors or narrator ("Perf." or "Narr."), followed by the name of the distributor and the year of the film's release. For a videotape or DVD, add "Videocassette" or "DVD" before the name of the distributor.
Finding Neverland. Dir. Marc Forster. Perf. Johnny Depp, Kate Winslet,Julie Christie, Radha Mitchell, and Dustin Hoffman. Miramax,2004.
High Fidelity. Dir. Stephen Frears. Perf. John Cusack, Iben Hjejle,Jack Black, and Todd Louiso. 2000. Videocassette. Walt DisneyVideo, 2001.
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44. RADIO OR TELEVISION PROGRAMBegin with the title of the radio segment or television episode (if there is one) in quotation marks, followed by the title of the program, underlined. Next give relevant information about the program's writer ("By"), director ("Dir."), performers ("Perf."), or host ("Host"). Then name the network, the local station (if any), and the date the program was broadcast.
"Monkey Trial." American Experience. PBS. WGBH, Boston. 18 Mar. 2003.
"Live in 4A: Konstantin Soukhovetski." Performance Today. Natl. PublicRadio. 2 May 2002. 10 May 2002
If there is a series title, include it after the title of the program, neither underlined nor in quotation marks.
Mysteries of the Pyramids. On the Inside. Discovery Channel. 7 Feb. 2001.
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45. RADIO OR TELEVISION INTERVIEWBegin with the name of the person who was interviewed, followed by the word "Interview." End with the information about the program as in item 44.
McGovern, George. Interview. Charlie Rose. PBS. WNET, New York. 1 Feb.2001.
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46. LIVE PERFORMANCEFor a live performance of a play, a ballet, an opera, or a concert, begin with the title of the work performed. Then name the author or composer of the work (preceded by the word "By"), followed by as much information about the performance as is available: the director ("Dir."), choreographer ("Chor."), or conductor ("Cond."); the major performers ("Perf."); the theater, ballet, or opera company; the theater and its city; and the date of the performance.
Art. By Yasmina Reza. Dir. Matthew Warchus. Perf. Philip Franks, LeighLawson, and Simon Shephard. Whitehall Theatre, London. 3 Dec.2001.
Cello Concerto No. 2. By Eric Tanguy. Cond. Seiji Ozawa. Perf. MstislavRostropovich. Boston Symphony Orch. Symphony Hall, Boston. 5Apr. 2002.
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47. LECTURE OR PUBLIC ADDRESSCite the speaker's name, followed by the title of the lecture (if any), the organization sponsoring the lecture, the location, and the date.
Cohran, Kelan. "Slavery and Astronomy." Adler Planetarium, Chicago. 21Feb. 2001.
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48. PERSONAL INTERVIEWTo cite an interview that you conducted, begin with the name of the person interviewed. Then write "Personal interview," followed by the date of the interview.
Akufo, Dautey. Personal interview. 11 Aug. 2005.
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Other sources (including online versions)
This section includes a variety of traditional print sources not covered elsewhere. For sources obtained on the Web, consult the appropriate model in this section and give whatever information is available for the online source; then end the citation with the date on which you accessed the source and the URL. (See the second example under item 49.)
49. GOVERNMENT PUBLICATIONTreat the government agency as the author, giving the name of the government followed by the name of the agency.
United States. Dept. of Labor. America's Dynamic Workforce. Washing-ton: US Dept. of Labor, 2004.
For government documents published online, give as much publication information as is available and end your citation with the date of access and the URL.
United States. Dept. of Transportation. Natl. Highway Traffic SafetyAdministration. An Investigation of the Safety Implications ofWireless Communications in Vehicles. Nov. 1999. 20 May 2001
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50. LEGAL SOURCEFor articles of the United States Constitution and laws in the United States Code, no works cited entry is required; instead, simply give an in-text citation (see item 17).
For a legislative act, begin with the name of the act. Then provide the act's Public Law number, its date of enactment, and its Statutes at Large number.
Electronic Freedom of Information Act Amendments of 1996. Pub. L.104-418. 2 Oct. 1996. Stat. 3048.
For a court case, name the first plaintiff and first defendant. Then give the case number, the court name, and the date of the decision. In a works cited entry, the name of the case is not underlined.
Utah v. Evans. No. 01-714. Supreme Ct. of the US. 20 June 2002.
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51. PAMPHLETCite a pamphlet as you would a book.
Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Dept. of Jury Commissioner. A FewFacts about Jury Duty. Boston: Commonwealth of Massachusetts, 2004.
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52. DISSERTATIONBegin with the author's name, followed by the dissertation title in quotation marks, the abbreviation "Diss.," the name of the institution, and the year the dissertation was accepted.
Jackson, Shelley. "Writing Whiteness: Contemporary SouthernLiterature in Black and White." Diss. U of Maryland, 2000.
For dissertations that have been published in book form, underline the title. After the title and before the book's publication information, add the abbreviation "Diss.," the name of the institution, and the year the dissertation was accepted.
Damberg, Cheryl L. Healthcare Reform: Distributional Consequencesof an Employer Mandate for Workers in Small Firms. Diss. RandGraduate School, 1995. Santa Monica: Rand, 1996.
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53. ABSTRACT OF A DISSERTATIONCite an abstract as you would an unpublished dissertation. After the dissertation date, give the abbreviation DA or DAI (for Dissertation Abstracts or Dissertation Abstracts International), followed by the volume number, the date of publication, and the page number.
Chen, Shu-Ling. "Mothers and Daughters in Morrison, Tan, Marshall, andKincaid." Diss. U of Washington, 2000. DAI 61 (2000): 2289.
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54. PUBLISHED PROCEEDINGS OF A CONFERENCECite published conference proceedings as you would a book, adding information about the conference after the title.
Kartiganer, Donald M., and Ann J. Abadie. Faulkner at 100: Retrospectand Prospect. Proc. of Faulkner and Yoknapatawpha Conf., 27 July-1 Aug. 1997, U of Mississippi. Jackson: UP of Mississippi, 2000.
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55. PUBLISHED INTERVIEWName the person interviewed, followed by the title of the interview (if there is one). If the interview does not have a title, include the word "Interview" followed by a period after the interviewee's name. Give publication information for the work in which the interview was published.
Armstrong, Lance. "Lance in France." Sports Illustrated 28 June 2004:46+.
If the name of the interviewer is relevant, include it after the name of the interviewee, as in the following example.
Prince. Interview with Bilge Ebiri. Yahoo! Internet Life 7.6 (2001):82-85.
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56. PERSONAL LETTERTo cite a letter that you have received, begin with the writer's name and add the phrase "Letter to the author," followed by the date.
Primak, Shoshana. Letter to the author. 6 May 2005.
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